Sleep apnea can be caused by a variety of physical and neurological factors. Physically, obstructions in the airway can make breathing difficult. For example, someone with large tonsils or excess fat deposits around the neck may experience airway blockages during sleep. 

Neurologically, conditions like brainstem dysfunction can interfere with the brain’s ability to regulate breathing properly, leading to central sleep apnea. Additionally, hormonal imbalances—such as those seen in hypothyroidism—can cause swelling in the airway, making it harder to breathe at night. Even simple things like chronic nasal congestion from allergies can contribute to sleep apnea by restricting airflow.

Dr. Josef Schenker adds that some people may be more prone to sleep apnea than others. Here are some associated risk factors:

• Obesity – Excess weight can cause fat deposits around the airway, making breathing difficult.
• Age – Sleep apnea is more common in older adults, though it can affect all ages.
• Gender – Men are more likely to develop sleep apnea than women.
• Family history – Genetics may play a role in sleep apnea risk.
• Alcohol and sedatives – These substances relax the throat muscles, increasing the risk of airway collapse.
• Smoking – Increases inflammation and fluid retention in the upper airway.
• Nasal congestion – Blocked nasal passages can contribute to breathing difficulties.